Most of his descendants would thus be
landless, or, if they held land, would do so by what soon amounted to
servile tenure. Thus the majority of the tribe had little or nothing to
lose by the feudalization that was approaching.
The changes of Malcolm's reign are concerned with the Church, not with
land-tenure. But the territorialization of the Church, and the abolition
of the ecclesiastical system of the tribe, foreshadowed the innovations
that Malcolm's son was to introduce. We have seen that an anti-English
reaction followed the deaths of Malcolm and Margaret. This is important
because it involved an expulsion of the English from Scotland, which may
be compared with the expulsion of the Normans from England after the
return of Godwin. Our knowledge of the circumstances is derived from the
following statement of Symeon of Durham:--
"Qua [Margerita] mortua, Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem Scotti
sibi in regem elegerunt, et omnes Anglos qui de curia regis
extiterunt, de Scotia expulerunt. Quibus auditis, filius regis
Malcolmi Dunechan regem Willelmum, cui tune militavit, ut ei regnum
sui patris concederet, petiit, et impetravit, illique fidelitatem
juravit. Et sic ad Scotiam cum multitudine Anglorum et Normannorum
properavit, et patruum suum Dufenaldum de regno expulit, et in loco
ejus regnavit. Deinde nonnulli Scottorum in unum congregati,
homines illius pene omnes peremerunt.
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